HIF-1a ARNT complex
The image shows the HIF-1a (red) ARNT (yellow) complex (greyish). It binds to DNA on specific hypoxia response elements HRE (blue). Cells respond to reduced oxygen levels through the activation of a particular set of genes, including those involved in energy metabolism and apoptosis, as well as genes whose gene products are related to increased oxygen delivery or to facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. HIF-1 thus plays an essential role in tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. miRNAs regulate the HIF switch during hypoxia.
Spirochaetes bacteria
The image depicts Spirochaetes bacteria (red and white). Spirochaetes are a phylum of gram-negative helically-coiled bacteria. Many species cause common diseases like leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and syphilis.
Sickle cell disease
This image shows a blood smear of a patient with sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD is a recessive genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the beta-strand of haemoglobin, leading to the red blood cells hardening and forming a C shape. Symptoms such as hypoxia, abnormal blood clotting, pain and immunodeficiency can be observed in patients.
Immunotherapeutically activated cel
The image depicts an immunotherapeutically activated cell. Cytotoxic T cells (blue with pink) drive tumor cells into programmed cell death with a cocktail of compounds (green).
Pfu DNA-polymerase
The image shows a Pfu DNA-polymerase (pink). The 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity, or proofreading properties of Pfu polymerase, make it superior to Taq for PCR applications in the laboratory.
Immunological synapse
The illustration depicts an immunological synapse. Crosstalk between different kinds of immune cells (purple) is important for regulating the immune system. The immunological synapse is a specialized cell-to-cell junction between lymphoid immune cells and an antigen-presenting cell (APC). Initiation of an antigen-specific immune response is based on the interaction between t-cell receptors and major histocompatibility complex proteins that have bound antigenic peptides (pink).
Dendritic cell interaction
The illustration shows a dendritic cell (turquoise with red fragments), which increases its surface area, with regard to the optimization of cell-to-cell contacts. APCs are a heterogeneous population of leucocytes with exquisite immunostimulatory capacity. Dendritic cells, which can be found in the secondary follicles of the b cell areas of the lymph nodes and spleen, can present antigen molecules (purple) to b cells, but lack class II MHC molecules.
Poliovirus
The illustration depicts Poliovirus. Polioviruses (green) are single-stranded RNA viruses, belonging to the family of Picornaviridae. They have a naked protein capsid with a dense central core. Thanks to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, wild polio was eradicated in Africa in 2020.
Nucleus with DNA
The image illustrates a halved cell nucleus, containing colorful domains (multi-coloured) of DNA.
Spliceosome
The image allows a fascinating insight into the processing of primary RNA, or hnRNA (turquoise). The cell nucleus-based spliceosome (multi-colored), specifically cuts out intron sequences of the pre-mRNA molecule, resulting in mature mRNAs, that are then transported to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
p53
The image illustrates p53. Also known as TP53, it is a classic tumor suppressor gene whose activation induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, or senescence in response to distinct stimuli, including DNA damage or aberrant oncogene activation. A p53 mutant protein goes hand in hand with a higher gene expression. Consequently, higher protein levels of p53, due to a mutation, can also be regarded as an immunogenic trigger.
RNA polymerase
The image allows a fascinating insight into RNA processing, by illustrating an RNA polymerase (RNAP). RNA polymerases are enzymes that catalyze all DNA transcriptions. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases can be distinguished into RNAP I, II, and III, which convert the information in DNA into RNA molecules, that furthermore fulfill a variety of functions. These include messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) for protein synthesis, ribozymes for catalysis, as well as microRNAs for the regulation of gene expression.
Nucleosome clutch
The image shows a nucleosome clutch (blue). Eukaryotic nucleosomes, each consisting of eight histones (green), help structure chromosomes by compacting DNA into fibers. Chromatin compaction follows a hierarchical model where nucleosomes form a beads-on-string structure. It is indicated that nucleosomes are grouped in discrete domains along the chromatin fiber, which are termed nucleosome “clutches”. These clutches are interspersed with nucleosome-depleted regions. Differentiated cells contain larger and denser clutches than stem cells. Therefore, nucleosome clutches regulate the accessibility of DNA for transcriptional purposes.
Nucleosome
The image depicts the nucleosome (blue). 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around a histone (green) form the fundamental subunit of chromatin.
Kissing cells
The image depicts two approaching, or kissing, immune cells (green and red).
Immunoglobulins
The image depicts bifunctional immunoglobulins (amber), which are located on the surface of a cell. The effector functions mediate, inter alia, binding of the immunoglobulin to the host tissues and various cells of the immune system.
Blue tongue virus
The image depicts the blue tongue virus (blue), or BTV. The BTV is the prototype virus of the Orbivirus genus. The species belonging to this genus have segmented, double-stranded RNA genomes.
Alpha-Synuclein aggregates
Alpha-Synuclein aggregates with antibodies – The image shows Alpha-Synuclein aggregates (brown), which are formed in dopamine-producing cells during Parkinson’s disease or Multiple Sclerosis. Additionally, antibodies (green) are docking onto the aggregates.
Tumor cell
The illustration depicts T Lymphocytes (light blue), attacking and destroying tumour cells, or cancerous tissue (red). Specific tumour antigens are those which can provoke an immune response. Tumours occur more frequently in the neonatal period and old age when the immune system functions less effectively. Many tumours contain lymphoid infiltrates and in some tumours this may be a favorable sign
Topoisomerase
The image depicts Topoisomerase (yellow). A class of enzymes that reduce supercoiling in DNA (blue) by breaking and rejoining one or both strands of the DNA molecule.
Bacteriophages
The image shows a phage on bacteria. In general, bacteriophages are viruses that are able to precisely infect bacteria.
E. coli
The image depicts E. coli bacteria (green). They belong to the genus of gram-negative bacteria, which have a rod-like shape. Enterobacteria are a big order of bacteria, which are mainly found in the healthy gut microenvironment.
West Nile virus
The image illustrates the WNV (blue and green). The West Nile virus, (WNV), belongs to the Flavivirus genus (Flaviviridae), which contains a growing number of zoonotic viruses transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. The Flavivirus genus can be furthermore divided into Dengue and Yellow fever, Japanese Encephalitis, Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever, and Zika. The WNV belongs to the Japanese encephalitis (JE) antigenic complex. The WNV is found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Australia, and since 1999 in the Americas. The primary symptoms are fever, nausea, vomiting, maculopapular rash, fatigue, and CNS-based diseases like meningoencephalitis, encephalitis, or meningitis.
Vibrio
The image illustrates Vibrio. Vibrio (pink) is a genus of curved-rod shaped gram-negative bacteria.
T4-Phages on Bacteria
The image illustrates T4-Phages (blue), attacking a bacteria (dark yellow). Bacteriophages are highly selective and their leg-like fibers interact with receptors on the surface of their host bacteria.
Microbiome
The picture shows bacteria (green), embedded in its environment (multi-colored). This bacteria is commonly found in aqueous environments where their size is particularly important. The outer surface of the bacterium may contain fimbriae or flagellae, or it may be covered by a protective capsule.
Crispr/Cas System
The image depicts the CRISPR/Cas system. The CRISPR/Cas (pink) system has reinvented the field of genome editing as it offers a simple and versatile way to manipulate genomes with “molecular scissors”. Based on the type-II adaptive immune system of bacteria, it enables specific DNA cleavage performed by the RNA-guided DNA endonuclease Cas 9.
Immune Cell interaction
The illustration shows a dendritic cell (turquoise with red fragments), which increases its surface area, with regard to the optimization of cell-to-cell contacts. APCs are a heterogeneous population of leucocytes with exquisite immunostimulatory capacity. Dendritic cells, which can be found in the secondary follicles of the b cell areas of the lymph nodes and spleen, can present antigen molecules (purple) to b cells, but lack class II MHC molecules.
Vibrio
The image illustrates Vibrio. Vibrio (green) is a genus of curved-rod shaped gram-negative bacteria.
Diplococci bacteria
The image depicts Diplococci bacteria. Diplococci are a class of spherical bacteria, that typically occurs in the formation of two joined cells. In this group, bacteria are positioned, which mainly cause respiratory infections like Streptococcus pneumonia.
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